ICAO(國際民航組織)　http://www.icao.org

國際性民航運輸，無論係旅客運輸或貨物運輸，其涉及的權益關係在法上至為複雜。就人而言，運送人與利用人未必為同一國籍。就物而言，航空器與運送物所有權人的國籍，亦未必相同。就地而言，損害發生地與賠償請求地，往往又不在同一國家。因此使得雙方的權義，因關係國彼此適用的法律不同，往往處於不確定的狀態，肇生諸多困擾。各國為謀民航事業的迅速發展，乃有國際民航組織的成立，以期各方合作協調。

美國於1944年在芝加哥初次召開國際民航會議，參加者共52國，簽訂了國際民航公約，後為執行這個公約起見，又於1945年組成國際民航組織(International Civil Aviation Organization)，簡稱ICAO，由各國政府派代表組成，總部設在加拿大的蒙特婁，另在巴黎、開羅、墨爾本及理碼設置四個辦事處。該組織為一官方機構，其目的在發展國際航空技術，並培養國際空運之策劃與擴展，進而達成下列目標：

1. 確保全世界的民航事業獲得極有秩序與安全的成長。
2. 確保各締約國在機會均等原則下經營國際民航業務。
3. 滿足全世界人民對航空運輸獲得安全與經濟的利用。
4. 鼓勵各國為和平用途改進航空器的性能與使用藝術。
5. 鼓勵各國為發展國際民航事業，努力營建航路、航站、及助航設施。
6. 避免各國際民航間的惡性競爭。
7. 避免各締約國家間的差別待遇。
8. 促進國際民用航空的飛航安全。
9. 促進各國和平交換空中通過權。
10. 促進國際民航業務的全面發展。

國際民航組織係由大會、理事會及各種委員會組成，大會規定每三年舉行一次，每一締約國有出席會議及一票之投票權，臨時大會會議，如經理事會之召集，或經十個締約國向秘書長請求，亦得舉行。理事會為一常設機構，對大會負責，理事會社秘書長一人，對理事會負責，依照規定由二十七締約國派代表組成，每三年由大會選舉之。理事會之職權，包括一般職權、行政與司法職權、立法職權、清算所(Clearing House)職權，以及研究與調查；附屬於理事會之機構包括：

1. 飛航委員會(Air Navigation Commission)處理航空技術方面之問題，由理事會就締約國提名之人選，委派十二人組織成立，下分十一組，分別擔任有關技術上研究之工作。
2. 空運委員會(Air Transport Committee) 處理有關航空商業上之問題，由理事會指派十二人組成之，下分空運便利、統計兩組。
3. 法律委員會(Legal Committee)從事各種新公約草案之制定，任何締約國均有權派遣代表，參加該委員會所得舉行之會議，從事商討國際航空法制訂事宜。
4. 飛航服務共同支持委員會(Committee on Joint Support of Air Navigation Services) 由理事會指派九人組成之。
5. 財務委員會(Finance Committee) 由理事會指派九人組成之。國際民航組織對爭端之裁判，理事會具有處理國際航空法爭端之權利及國際裁判；對於芝加哥公約及其條約之適用與解釋，具有強制性之職權；對於有關國家所同意提送於理事會之爭端，具有給予諮詢性報告之自由選擇的職權。其次為國際法院，可受理一般職權範圍內之爭端。

IATA(國際空運協會)　http://www.iata.org

雖然已於1944年成立了國際民航組織，但鑑於仍無法處理票價、運費等商業事項，遂感於有成立一個民間之國際團體的需要，而於1945年由各國飛行國際航線的航空公司聯合組成國際空運協會(International Air Transportation Association)，簡稱IATA，因與國際民航組織協調關係密切，無形儼然已成為一半官半民之國際機構，總部亦設於加拿大之蒙特婁，另在瑞士之日內瓦設有辦事處。其職權則包括運費之訂定、清算等機能、運輸上統一條件之訂定。世界各航空公司透過該協會，與各航空公司相連結，形成一個世界性的強大運輸網。

該協會員分為兩種：一是正會員，係經營定期國際航線之航空公司。二為準會員，係以經營定期國際航線之航空公司為主。目前其正式會員已接近一百家。又自1974年，航協在大會中正式批准允許包機公司申請加入。此一政策上之改變，極具意義。

航協主要之經費來自會員繳納之會費，按比例徵收。根據1971年第二十七屆年度大會通過之新方法，固定會費：正式會員每年繳納4320美元；準會員為2200美元；非固定會費則係按會員年度承載量營收之噸公里核算。

航協會之行政首腦為總監(Director General)，其重要決策係由會員大會制定，交付總監透過執行委員會(Executive Committee)執行，下設財務、法律、技術、醫務及運物咨議(Traffic Advisory Committee)等五個專門委員分掌各事，而以最後者之業務最為繁雜。幾乎涉及航空公司之一切商業活動。

為了便於說明及劃訂地區間之運費及運輸規章，航協將全世界劃分為三個運務會議地區，以南北美洲為第一運務會議區，西起檀香山，東至百慕達，包括南北美洲各國的大小城市。歐非兩洲及中東為二區，西起堪拉威克，東至德黑蘭，包括歐洲、非洲、中東全部，及馬拉山脈以西各國之大小城市。亞澳兩洲為第三區，西起喀布爾，東至南太平洋的巴比地，包括亞洲、大洋洲、及太平洋中各國的大小城市。區與區之間設置混合運務會議，有關國際航空客貨運價的協商，各種文書標準格式的制定，及運送應負法律責任與義務之規定，均由各運務會議審定。

航協為維護其決議案之確實執行，設有督察室(Enforcement Office)於紐約。其督察經常巡視各地區，瞭解市場及會員遵守規定之程度，甚或作各種試探以察覺有無違規競爭之事。一旦獲得佐證即予揭發，並限其答辯。確證會員違規即處以罰款，款額視情節輕重而言，多者可達數萬美元。因此各會員國均有所顧忌，而不敢公開削價競爭。此點無論對使用之大眾抑或經營而言，均受到保障，也使空運業更能順利健全之發展。 航協之主要任務，以提供空運業務為助，包括下列諸項。

1. 協議實施分段聯運空運，使一票通行全世界。
2. 協議訂定客貨運價，防止彼此惡性競爭、壟斷。但允許援例競爭，以保護會員利益。
3. 協議訂定運輸規則、條件。
4. 協議制定運費之結算辦法。
5. 協議制定代理店規則。
6. 協議訂定航空時間表。
7. 協議建立各種業務的作業程序。
8. 協調相互利用裝備並提供新資訊。
9.  設置督察人員，以確保決議的切實執行。

EUROCONTROL　http://www.eurocontrol.be

EUROCONTROL, the European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation, has 28 Member States: Germany, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Croatia, Denmark, Spain, France, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Norway, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Czech Republic, Romania, United Kingdom, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey. 

Founded in 1960 for overseeing air traffic control in the upper airspace of Member States, EUROCONTROL today has as its most important goal the development of a coherent and coordinated air traffic control system in Europe. Its primary objectives are:

• to manage the implementation of the European Air Traffic Management Programme (EATMP), as well as a series of associated concepts and future strategies, on behalf of States belonging to the European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC);
• to manage the development and implementation of the ATM 2000+ Strategy which will provide effective ATM in Europe up to the year 2015;
• to operate the Central Flow Management Unit (CFMU) so as to make optimum use of European airspace and to prevent air traffic congestion;
• to implement short-term and medium-term action to improve the coordination of air traffic control systems throughout Europe;
• to carry out research and development work aimed at increasing air traffic control capacity in Europe. 

In June 1997, the Ministers of Transport of the Member States of EUROCONTROL, signed the revised Convention with a view to improving the Agency's ability to carry out its responsibilities more effectively. The revised Convention provided for the reformulation of EUROCONTROL's tasks and the creation of a new institutional structure to enable the Organisation to achieve: 

• the expansion of available airspace to meet traffic demand and the optimum utilisation of available capacity within the framework of a uniform European Air Traffic Management System (EATMS);
• the strengthening of ATM planning by combining en-route and airport policies within a 2000+ Strategy based on a Gate-to-Gate concept;
• effective participation in the design and implementation of a global satellite navigation system;
• enhancement of cooperation with other European institutions; the introduction of an ATM performance review and target-setting system;
• the development of harmonised safety regulatory objectives and requirements for the ATM system;
• a more efficient decision-making process based on majority voting;
• the systematic involvement of representative organisations of airspace users and airports in the matters that concern them;
• the reinforcement of cooperation between civil and military authorities.

CAB(美國民用航空局)

民用航空局(CAB)負責核定運費、票價及審查航線。另有五人小組，由總統提名，為獨立向國會負責的單位。CAB權責還包括對運費、航空公司盈餘、飛航服務等事項之調查管理。

票價均由航空公司訂定，但運費價目表須經CAB的認可，CAB可以駁回或核准航空公司自行訂定的價目表。CAB也可以自訂一套概略性的票價表，不過這個嚴格規定通常要經過冗長且花費不貲的調查台公開聽證，因此，CAB多採非正式地公布其所認為合理而較有彈性的運費原則，然後由航空公司在此原則之下，個別訂定其運費。

SITA　http://www.sita.com

SITA is the world's leading provider of global telecommunications and information solutions to the air transport industry. With 50 years experience SITA now serves over 700 members in 220 countries and territories, over the world's largest, most advanced integrated voice and data network.

SITA's customers include airlines, aerospace companies, air-freight organizations, travel and global distribution companies, airport authorities and governmental organizations. SITA recorded corporate revenues of over US$1.2 billion in 1998.

The quality and economic competitiveness of SITA's services and the unrivalled international coverage of its network have made SITA a recognized leader in global communications provision. Since its foundation in 1949 by 11 original member airlines, SITA has continued to provide innovative solutions to meet the global telecommunications and information challenges facing its customers.

Delivering solutions over its single, seamless global network enables SITA to be a single source provider of fully managed end-to-end, or desktop-to-desktop, solutions. Global service provision is backed up with local support available worldwide.

SITA's services are offered on an unrivalled international scale, and include Global Voice Solutions, Intranet, Extranet and Internet Solutions, high-performance remote access services to corporate information over local dial-up lines, and many other wide area network systems and services. As a major player in network outsourcing, SITA has entered into long-term partnerships with Qantas, Air France, Cathay Pacific, Varig, Sabre and British Airways.

SITA provides customers with a global integration service offering a fully managed Wide Area Network (WAN)-to-desktop solution, from a single point-of-contact. Additionally, SITA offers high performance transaction processing software solutions to the world's travel and transportation industries. SITA's wide portfolio of solutions includes integrated airport systems and services, travel distribution solutions, Electronic Data interchange (EDI), multi-access communications, reservations, departure control, passenger, baggage and cargo handling, secure network access and Internet transaction systems.

SITA's solutions are provided over the world's largest, most advanced international voice and data network, which has over 146,000 user connections worldwide. SITA employs over 5,900 people, of 185 nationalities. SITA's head office is based in Geneva, Switzerland and it is registered in Brussels.

Corporate highlights.

SITA now serves over 1,800 customers in all sectors of the air transport industry, including over 700 members

SITA offers a wide portfolio, containing leading global solutions for data and voice communications, with value added applications for flight, airports, air freight, baggage, fares, passenger and other operations

SITA supports an industry that by the year 2006 expects to service over two billion air travelers per year. Without SITA these travelers would not be able to complete their journey

SITA delivers a total service - providing fully integrated solutions managed end-to-end and linking one desktop seamlessly to another, around the world SITA employs over 7,000 people of more than 165 nationalities, speaking over 80 languages, in 170 countries and has local language support staff available worldwide with help desk support 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year

History

FIATA, in French "Fédération Internationale des Associations de Transitaires et Assimilés", in English "International Federation of Freight Forwarders Associations", in German "Internationale Föderation der Spediteurorganisationen", was founded in Vienna/Austria on May 31, 1926.

FIATA, a non-governmental organisation, represents today an industry covering approx. 40,000 forwarding firms, also known as the "Architects of Transport", employing around 8 - 10 million people.

FIATA has consultative status with the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) of the United Nations, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the UN Economic Commission for Europe (UN/ECE), and the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UN/ESCAP).

It is recognised as representing the freight forwarding industry by many other governmental organisations, governmental authorities, private international organisations in the field of transport such as the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), the International Air Transport Association (IATA), the International Union of Railways (UIC), the International Road Transport Union (IRU), the World Customs Organization (WCO), etc.

In summary FIATA is the largest non-governmental organisation in the field of transportation. Its influence is world-wide.

Objectives

FIATA's main objectives are:

• to unite the freight forwarding industry world-wide

• to represent, promote and protect the interests of the industry by participating as advisors or experts in meetings of international bodies dealing with transportation

• to familiarise trade and industry and the public at large with the services rendered by freight forwarders through the dissemination of information, distribution of publications, etc.

• to improve the quality of services rendered by freight forwarders by developing and promoting uniform forwarding documents, standard trading conditions, etc.

• to assist with vocational training for freight forwarders, liability insurance problems, tools for electronic commerce, including electronic data interchange (EDI) and barcode.

Congresses

Each year, FIATA holds a World Congress. This international event brings together the freight forwarding industry and transport world. It serves to conduct the business of the Federation, is a social occasion and last but not least acts as a meeting place to conduct business. Participation is between 800 - 1500 persons.

Organisation

FIATA is structured into Institutes, Advisory Bodies, and Working Groups each in their turn dealing with every aspect that affects the international movement of freight.

The Institutes, which usually meet twice per year, carry out the technical work of the Federation. Currently FIATA has three, namely the

• Airfreight Institute (AFI)
• Customs and Facilitation Institute (CFI)
• Multimodal Transport Institute (MTI)

Each Institute has some permanent Working Groups; e.g. the MTI has three for Sea, Rail and Road Transport, the AFI one for IATA matters, and the CFI one for Customs Questions and one for Facilitation. Working Groups report to their respective Institutes and meet according to necessity.

For matters that affect the whole of the freight forwarding industry there are four Advisory Bodies:

• Advisory Body Dangerous Goods
• Advisory Body Legal Matters
• Advisory Body Public Relations
• Advisory Body Vocational Training

They co-operate with the Institutes and Working Groups, if required, and meet according to necessity.

Documents

FIATA has created several documents and forms to establish a uniform standard for use by freight forwarders world-wide. The documents are easily distinguishable as each has a distinctive colour and carries the FIATA logo which can be seen at the head of this page.

• FIATA FCR (Forwarders Certificate of Receipt)
• FIATA FCT (Forwarders Certificate of Transport)
• FWR (FIATA Warehouse Receipt)
• FBL (negotiable FIATA Multimodal Transport Bill of Lading)
• FWB (non-negotiable FIATA Multimodal Transport Waybill)
• FIATA SDT (Shippers Declaration for the Transport of Dangerous Goods)
• FIATA SIC (Shippers Intermodal Weight Certificate)
• FFI (FIATA Forwarding Instructions)

FIATA documents have an excellent reputation and are recognised as documents of tradition and trust. They have greatly contributed in the past to the facilitation of international exchanges and will continue in the future to be valuable instruments in the service of world trade. 

FIATA Code of Abbreviations

• FIATA Customs Clearance Manual
• The Law of Freight Forwarding and the 1992 FIATA Multimodal Transport Bill of Lading by Prof. Jan Ramberg
• FIATA Legal Handbook on Forwarding by Peter F.M. Jones
• FIATA Memberlist
• The Documents and Forms of FIATA
• The Airwaybill recommended by FIATA for use by Freight Forwarders
• FIATA Model Rules for Freight Forwarding Services

FAA(美國聯邦航空署)　http://www.faa.gov

聯邦航空署(FAA)負責全國所有民航業務及貨運的督導，訂定有關民航機的飛航標準，凡是有關民航機的飛航標準，凡是有關民航機的設計、製造等等都有嚴格規定；另外，也負責檢查美國國內每架民航機之飛航性能發給執，照每一個新機種在問世之先，必須先獲得機型執照。

FAA也職司飛航管制台及飛航輔助設施的操作，同時對其所設立的航線系統之交通流量加以限定-- --每兩兩架飛行中的飛機必須相互保持4.8公里距離，以及相互間有305公尺以上的高度差。FAA也制定飛行員的資格，其稽查員定期地對飛行員實施測驗，測試其飛航技術。

FAA的另一重要功能為制訂飛機維修和檢驗的標準。由於引擎有其一定的壽命，何時應作何種檢查，最多使用多少小時之後應拆下來維修，甚至換個新引擎，均有詳細的明文規定。由於新型引擎的可靠度日益提高，FAA及航空公司不再像以前一樣規定嚴格定期翻修引擎，漸漸採用一套新的飛航可靠度計劃，引擎及全部機身之安全可靠性皆涵蓋在內。

Back To Education Schedule Page